Global Economic and Financial Trajectory To, Piyush Goyal Minister of Commerce and Industry | Minister of Railways India 31st December 2020 Dharmlaabh – Blessings, Today the world is facing disruption in almost every aspect of life. The bedrock principle which once acted as canon is set to be redrafted. As the world is at the cusp of transformation, multiple forces are activated to drive that towards their self-interests. India is also on guard and cautiously playing her part. In this regard, I would like to share with you some of my ideas in the global economic domain. Hope it would aid you in your strategic calculations. Since colonisation, an era of economic expansion based on intensive industrialisation prevailed. Initially, the currency, the electricity needed to run that industrialisation, was real. It was made of gold, silver and precious metals, minted by private bankers. But as that era progressed, the need for free liquid currency in high proportion too swelled. In order to cater to that need, an element of paper currency was then introduced. This introduction brought the requisite thrust to expand the economies multi-fold. The power of this paper currency was then mis-utilised during crises like in World War II. In due course, post-World War II, to fuel the confidence in the paper currency, especially in the USD, internationally Bretton Wood Agreement was agreed among countries. According to that agreement, the US will back its greenback by adequate gold as a guarantee and other countries will back their paper currency with USD. On 15 August 1971, the United States decided to suddenly and unilaterally terminate the above agreement of convertibility of the US dollar to gold, effectively bringing the Bretton Wood system to an end and rendering the dollar a fiat currency. At the same time, many fixed currencies (such as the pound sterling) also became free-floating. But even after endowing such a rude shock, the blind confidence in USD continued to surge. In this manner, the USD established its status as the global reserve currency. This paper currency is the key trait of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) which is adopted by each and every economy of the world. The principles of MMT grant limitless opportunities of monetary expansions, with only fallout being inflation which acts as a natural constraint. If a country possesses adequate capability to manage the fall out of this expansion then the sky is the limit for growth. But this theory ought to have few fundamental prerequisites in order to harness the desired benefits. The first prerequisite is the necessity of continuous demand of a national currency in the international currency market and the other one is the need for an established export oriented global order. Whilst, in reality, such a scenario is possible only when the country’s currency enjoys the status of a global reserve currency in such a global order. Today, US$ is that currency and consequently, US is that country which enjoys seamless benefits of MMT. Once the export oriented global order is in place and currency of a country achieves the status of the global reserve currency, the windfall benefits of MMT starts raining in for that particular country. To understand how the US unjustifiably enjoyed the benefits of MMT, we need to observe the paradoxes in fiscal and monetary domain that occurs in the US economy. Few of them are enumerated below; 1) They enjoy huge monetary expansions without fear of corresponding increase in the inflation rate – Normally if any country prints new notes and/or parallelly borrows for public spending, they carry very high risk of inflation and they would be required to manage the inflation to keep it under check. Whereas, if one observes, the US inspite of adopting to huge borrowings program and at times also printing new notes; still, it could easily manage to contain the inflation rate well below two per cent. At times FED bank had to strive hard to gain inflation target of two per cent. 2) They can resort to huge monetary expansions without fear of devaluation – Normally if any country resorts to huge stimulus or monetary expansions, it has to bear the brunt in the form of currency devaluation due to excess supply and low demand. Whereas, USD being a global reserve currency, it enjoys benefits of continuous demand followed by increase in its value (exchange rate) irrespective of its monetary expansions. 3) Continuous demand for currency irrespective of high supply – Normally the supply of USD remains high due to repeated monetary expansions or otherwise. Yet, contrary to general principles, huge supply bears no negative impact on demand and prices. 4) The large number of lenders with huge appetite to lend irrespective of non-existent lucrative interest rates. 5) Low saving rate yet huge investments – US has induced spending culture resulting in a lower saving rate, resulting in lesser funds available for a mobilised investment opportunity. Yet one could observe huge investments occurring in its various verticals across the country. 6) Huge external debt without any botheration for time-bound repayment or payment of interest thereon – Since USD enjoys global confidence, the USD denominated treasury securities enjoy huge demand even at the lowest interest rates. These treasury securities were favourite avenues for global governments to park their forex reserves before the era of Sovereign-Funds evolved in 2015. 7) They could sustain huge deficit budgeting and trade deficit – Without being duly worried much about the negative effects US could consistently sustain to go for huge deficit budgeting and huge trade deficit. All the above magic-like benefits of MMT are enjoyed by US since last century and prior to that by UK with Pound sterling. The status of reserve currency of USD paved the way for it to be used as a medium of exchange for global trade. Being a medium of exchange, for global trade, USD has remained in huge demand. To continue the same pattern, intensive globalisation was promoted. Promotion of globalisation, in turn, resulted in extensive global trade of goods and services, people to people contact, immigration, travelling and

New Economic Order To, Piyush Goyal Union Minister of Commerce and Industry India 9th July 2022 Globalisation and then Covid As regards WTO, it is a product of the mindset that, after 2 catastrophic wars, the only way to peace and prosperity is through global centralisation with multilateral institutions. You are well aware that post World War II, the global power landscape was skewed in favour of the West. They had an upper hand in devising the structure of those multilateral institutions in a hue of Western values rooted in Christianity. In my previous letter to you, I had remarked that, for them, it was in their interest that the idea of globalisation, spread. Since with colonisation, ‘The West’ had demolished the East and prospered, while having an edge over technology and ideas – what it then required was labour, raw materials and factories to manufacture. Therefore, in the name of globalisation, the West devised such mechanisms that made the East act as a source of provider of cheap labour, raw material supplier and a hub of polluting factories, while it itself stood as a group of consumers and beneficiaries. To add to this, globalisation would also help it to maintain and further cement its dominance and hegemony over the world. Thus, the West portrayed globalisation, as the key to success, peace, and prosperity which has been accepted globally as ‘God’s Gospel’ since the last seven decades. But in the face of the COVID pandemic, leaders have realised that globalisation is not the only and ultimate future. In fact, it made the blind fanatics of globalisation realise that there exists a downside to the same. The idea, which acted as a freeway for seamless cross-border trade, acted as a prime factor for the elevation of an epidemic into a pandemic. Never before was it visualised by those fanatics that, one day this globalisation itself, would be the greatest threat to the Bio-Security of the entire humanity (including the West). Along with this, globalisation also blurs a nation’s self-identity and results into coupling of economies in such a way that it makes the country’s economy a bandwagon, without even knowing where the engine is headed. Today, the western economies are facing the fallout of such coupling in a way, that even if they wish, they are unable to instantly decouple with China. This, along with today’s unpromising status of globalisation, is decreasing the relevance of multilateral institutions. Failure to perform the promised task at an appropriate time, again, is resulting in loss of their credibility. India and WTO In the case of WTO, it too is on the verge of extinction with its inability to perform even raison d’etre tasks. Today, though India has strived to resurrect the feeling of global co-operation at WTO, yet at heart, India must know that these structures are created by the West which still has an edge over her operations, legislation, enforcement, and verification processes. Additionally, a few undertakings/commitments made by India during the inception of WTO, have been unfavourable and will be a bigger hurdle for India in the future (E.g. Agricultural subsidies). This hurdle is today personified in from of twelve congressmen of US urging Mr. Biden to hold India accountable at WTO for its ‘trade-distorting practices’. And in the current scenario it is highly unlikely that the West would agree for reforms easily; (something that the Modi government has faced on the issue of IPR waivers for vaccines) and recalibrate the institution as fair, just and equitable. Hence, working in this direction, will really not help much. New Economic Order Further, as the global political order is subject to transformation by shifting its nature from unipolar/bipolar to multipolar, similarly the economic order too, is subject to transformation. In the New Economic Order, which is in the making, the philosophy underlying the faith in the potential of trade, might be deformed. The trade may not be seen as a goal, but as a means to subsist. Long distance trade as a part of supply chains, which ultimately serves the West will be substituted by regional bi-laterals and pluri-laterals. In such a scenario it is uncertain as to what and how much of a role, WTO-like other multilateral bodies, may play or be effective. Deciphering this, instead of India getting into RCEP like multilateral trade pacts, she is correctly moving in the direction of bi-laterals like: India-UAE, India-UK, India-Australia, India-EU and India-US. Along with this, the current export regimen has the policy to boost exports with multiple layers of subsidies and facilities which need to be recalibrated for the new economic order. If we get into the arithmetic of calculating the cost to promote exports and expended to earn a dollar, it would surely be mind-boggling. To boost exports, the country is providing specialised infrastructure in the form of EEZs, subsidised power, cheap labour, tax holidays, tax exemptions, cheap raw materials, logistics support, etc which adds burden on the coffers of the Government of India, and which is ultimately borne by her citizens, for serving the West. This is one of the forms of drainage of wealth and labour of India. And the irony is that those very citizens are deprived of the top notch produces which are exported and thus have to experience a lower standard of living, which is further marred by high inflation. New Financial Order Much of the current global financial order was shaped by the principles set in 1945 by the Bretton Woods agreement. By this, the USD was globally established at par with gold. Due to this, it earned a huge trust and was accepted as a reliable medium of trade. Later, the gold standard vanished but the trust and dependency on the USD, persisted. It became imperative for all nations wanting to trade, to earn and accumulate the USD. At times, lack of USD in its forex reserves even posed a threat to their survival and stability, like what Sri Lanka is experiencing currently. Slowly and steadily, the

Indian Soft Power and Multilateralism To, Dr. S. Jaishankar Minister of External Affairs India 3rd September 2020 Dharmlaabh – Blessings Six years ago, when NDA won general election in 2014, I had conveyed my best wishes and blessings to the then newly selected EAM late Sushma Swaraj wherein I had recommended her to thrust upon India’s Soft Power to further the cause of Nation. Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, by unveiling the NEP 2020, has taken a strong step in this direction. Since ages education has been a very effective tool to harness and expand soft power of any civilization. It is very well-known fact that Lord Macaulay successfully westernised education in India; English was made the official language for the government and courts, and was adopted as the official medium of instruction. He envisaged creating “a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect.” To gauge how much, he succeeded in his mission, we only need to look into the history of the Indian educated classes since that time onwards. The mind set of today’s generation says it all. The anti-Indian culture, anti-Indian tradition and anti-Indian religious education induced by Macaulay consistently weakens this nation. Now, educated Indians hardly even care to know about Indian thinking, Indian problems, Indian models and solutions to these problems. The best brains and the best energies are concentrated on evolving and applying British models and solutions. They seem to know lesser and lesser about their own nation. An army of doctors, engineers, lawyers etc educated in English systems and ideologies are live examples of potential of soft power, who zealously propagate, expand and defend British soft power in an autonomous way. Such wheel of educational power once set rolling, does not further require any more energy to push. It keeps on expanding in automation mode. It is an open secret that since colonisation era, British had used their universities and education systems aptly for this purpose, not only in India but worldwide. It should not be out of place to mention here the role of Catholic Church in this regard. ‘Oxford’ claimed to be one of the oldest University was given a ‘university charter’ by Pope Innocent IV in 1254 by his Papal Bull “Querentes in agro”. Numerous other renowned and established universities in Italy, France, England, Scotland etc were founded by Papal Bulls, many of which are celebrating 7th or 8th centenary. It would not be an exaggeration to say that such universities along with many other institutions covertly joint-ventured by British and Catholic Churches, played a mammoth role in spreading Christianity coupled with British soft power and destroying other civilisations. For example, the land with the most ancient cultural continuity, the oldest living nation Greece did not physically die. The people of that nation did not die. The present generation in Greece are the descendants of those who were the originators of that great civilisation. But today, if we ask any of them what are the ideals that sustained their nation they would say, “We do not know, it is in the books; it is in the museum; you may refer to it better there.” This is how a civilisation is destroyed, rather mummified. They are the victims of co-ordinated efforts of destructing an old civilisation and replacing it with a new one. Not only Greece, but unfortunately the civilisation of multiple nations of all the continents including USA, Canada, Australia, India etc have become victims of this British Soft Power. With this Soft Power British could expand dominance of their language, culture, governing system etc in their own colonies, in the colonies of their allies, in allied and friendly nations and even in enemy nations. Well aware by the strength of Indian civilisation lying in its education systems, and well experienced by their own strength of western education systems, Indian universities were demeaned and demonised to be replaced with western education systems. Luckily the destruction of Indian civilisation has not crossed the point of rubicon and is today moribund yet resurrectible. Today, again with NEP 2020, India has the chance to recreate the glorious history of world class Indian universities based on Indian education systems. By shaping the NEP reforms effectively, the heritage and culture of Indian civilisation can be proliferated by inculcating it in the thought process of the younger generation. In this process, unlike the West, who weaponised their education system, we need not educate to exploit others, but explain them values of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ and inculcate the ability to be rooted in ground, such that a strong value-based society can be created. This in turn will synergise to create fair, just and equitable World Order. Further, for creating such a world order, your vision to redefine globalisation and reform in multilateralism to solve global challenges of humanity like pandemic, climate change and terrorism is correct and very much necessary. But along with this today humanity (i) faces an existential threat from arms race, (ii) is in dire need for robust cyber security, (iii) is in vicious circle of skewed financial systems towards reserve currency and (iv) faces the peril of private digital data’s theft and abuse. All these too require combined global attention at various multilateral platforms, without which it is difficult to zero them down. In the event of TERI’s 19th Darbari Seth Memorial Lecture, while referring 9/11 and Covid-19, you had mentioned that “globalised focused responses to either challenge have tended to emerge only when there has been sufficient disruption created by a ‘spectacular’ event.” It is true. But such spectacular event occurs only when western developed countries are impacted. Otherwise, irrespective of the fact that the event is so grave and heavily impacted other countries, it hardly gains spectacular status. With my concern for the nation and world at large I had shared my views. Hope the same are of use and interest to you. Your views in the matter are solicited. With such

Message to Indian leaders To, Narendrabhai Modi Prime Minister India 29th May 2014 …As you assume the responsibility of the most respected office in India, you will witness the transformation of a uni-polar world order to a multi-polar world order. The hegemony of the uni-polar world order is fast collapsing. At this critical juncture where an emerging, new world order is taking shape, I am positive you can play a major role in re-orientation of global power axes. The ‘Look East’ Policy, which has been your party’s mantra holds tremendous potential in times to come. Based on this paradigm, it is my earnest suggestion that you build a South – South Global Co-Operation Model with a broad channel engagement. Steps in this direction would be a great stride for the nation, and through this – I have a firm belief that India’s global status would be uplifted…

Message to Indian leaders To, Rajnath Singh Home Minister India 29th May 2014 …I am sure you would be of the same mind that Religion is one of the best reforming factor in our society. All religions do a great service to society by establishing the fundamentals of goodness and peace. I am of the firm view that criminality in an individual can be best vanquished by true religious acceptance. In Indian tradition, state has been a facilitator to all religions. The Bhartiya Janata Party, of which you have been President, has been known to have a pro-religious policy orientation and mind-set. Given this strong belief, as the Home Minister, I expect your ministry to provide at-par treatment as a facilitator to all religions so that traditional Indian Secularism flourishes…

Message to Indian leaders To, Arun Jaitley Finance Minister India 29th May 2014 …I am sure you would concur that paper currency is the main weapon for exploitation in the current global economy. Flow of financial capital has no co-relation with the flow of goods and services, and it thereby acts as a tool in the hands of the old world order to exploit the new world, especially the weaker countries. Globalisation serves as the primary catalyst in skewing the axis of power in hands of a select few. Globalisation, today, is rapidly taking shape in all spheres of goods and services. However, globalisation of human resource, is still, highly restricted. The power of our great nation will be unleashed if globalisation is truly achieved in the sphere of skilled and unskilled human resources. I earnestly suggest you to push this policy in Global Platforms such as the G-20…

Message to Indian leaders To, Sushma Swaraj Minister External Affairs India 29th May 2014 … We are all witnessing the advent of a multi-polar world that will see a great influence of India’s hard power and soft power. I am of the firm view that India’s soft power can be propagated at the global level, and especially at the Asian Level because major Asian countries have deep historical, cultural and religious relations with us. As our history and polity have shown, Hindu culture flourished in the past and transcended the boundaries of our nation. Besides our Hindu culture, many great religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism for instance have spread their roots from our nation. The links of our culture and religion connect us to the world and this poses a great opportunity for us to harness soft power in the new world order. I expect that you will focus your endeavours in projecting India’s soft power and use that as an effective tool to further the cause of our nation….

Let live the wild naturally To, Antonio Guterres The Secretary General United Nations 15th April 2020 Dharmalaabh – blessings! This has reference to your special appeal made to religious leaders of all faiths on April 11, 2020 to join forces to work for peace around the world. Today, the world is grappling to come to terms with an uncontrollable war-like situation because of the sudden outbreak of a deadly disease, COVID-19. Nuclear weapons, Bioweapons, Chemical weapons and Ultrasonic weapons are considered to be mass destructive weapons. Multifold large-scale summits, conventions, treaties and agreements have been organised on national and international levels for the regulation of these weapons. Still, a much more significant threat to humanity has been overlooked by prestigious global institutions-viruses originating from ‘Wildlife Contact’ (‘Contact’). The danger this ‘Wildlife Contact’ poses to mankind is far mightier than that of modern-day lethal weapons. The domino effect of this ‘Contact’ goes a long way in impacting Economic, Political, Social and Religious spheres. The consequences of which are unprecedented, irreversible and irreparable. The devastating side effects are soon to follow. This ’Contact’ is the ultimate root cause of today’s all agony to humanity. Many more new diseases like the COVID-19 are looming at the horizon, ready to take a leap at any point. The time has come to take up this issue by active leadership and global organisations for the cause of avoiding ‘Wildlife Contact’, to save humanity. If we look at the recent influx of life-threatening diseases: be it Ebola, SARS or Swine Flu, the cause is ‘Wildlife Contact’. If the virus emerging from this ‘Contact’ happens to be contagious, it can spread rapidly like a wild forest fire. In the recent past, humans have indulged into myriad actions of such ’Contact’. These include activities such as ‘hunting’, ‘poaching’, ‘wildife trade’, ‘deforestation’, ‘dietary consumption’, ‘wildife farming, ‘encroachment’, ‘holding wild in enclosures as pets or for research and development purposes’, ‘creating nuisance at their natural habitats’ and others. This results into close physical contact with wild animals allowing transfer of wildlife viruses into humans. As far as socially habitable animals are concerned, they have been associated with humans since time immemorial and humans have developed antibodies that fight diseases originating from socially habituated animals. But humans have been unable to develop antibodies that protect from illnesses originating from close ‘Wildlife Contact’. It could take decades or generations before mankind comes out with a befitting invention. By then, lacs or crores of people will have become victims of such epidemics/pandemics. It sends shivers down the spine to even imagine the mayhem of such a scenario. Without antibodies being developed within, there is obviously no possibility of a vaccine being viable. Understandably, medicine for this crisis is a far-fetched reality. Currently, the only way to prevent a hazardous situation like this is to start practicing ‘Distancing from wildlife’ immediately. This is the ultimate formula for prevention that can save the world from a future pandemonium. For that, if humans let the wild live peacefully and naturally in their habitats, the root cause of this disaster can be eliminated. More the distance between mankind and wildlife, more will be secured environment. It will also result in natural Eco-order balance between the two, thus providing a natural lifestyle for both. On a worldwide platform, 186 countries at the UN convention, have joined hands to tackle the social and economic problems arising from the consumption of narcotics. Also, the world has taken formidable steps for the peaceful existence of humanity by various conventions, treaties for Nuclear weapons, Chemical weapons and Bio-weapons. Similarly, the global leaders may come on a single platform to fight these borderless, invisible enemies for peaceful and harmonious co-existence. This can be achieved by considering this ‘Contact’ as most lethal and devastating mass destructive weapon than any other weapon. And as like for nuclear and biological weapon, prohibition of this ’Contact’ be included as a part of disarmament mission. This can be achieved either by incuding stringent clauses of avoiding Wildlife Contact in Bio-weapon convention or otherwise. Unless this is done global biosecurity of humanity will never be assured. In view of the above, I will also be calling upon my followers and global community at large to start a signature campaign to voice their support in favour of this noble cause for the protection of humanity. Note: Similar correspondence was done with numerous Heads of Nation-States to Save Humanity and ensure Global Bio-security.

Save Humanity: Response from Germany 1st July 2020 The Covid-19 pandemic revealed the dangers the international community faces from biological risks and has shown the need for enhanced preparedness, coordination and cooperation in response to biological threats. Germany is a great supporter of the Biological Weapons Convention (BTWC) and will continue to press for the strengthening of the Convention in the ninth Review Conference in 2021. Our priorities include i.a. enabling the BTWC to adequately keep up with the rapid advances in life sciences and technology.

Save Humanity: Global bio-security with reformed multilateralism To, Mr. Sandeep Arya, IFS Joint Secretary (West) and Ms. Petal Gahlot, IFS Under Secretary (West) Ministry of External Affairs India 22nd August 2020 Dharmlaabh – Blessings, This is in continuation of my earlier letter dated 30th July 2020 addressed to EAM Dr. Jaishankar, email dated 7th July 2020 and Ms Petal’s recent communication with my representative Mr. Bhavik Lalan on the subject of ‘Save Humanity’ Campaign organised by ‘Jyot’. In conversation, Ms Petal made a reference of NPT, pointing out that it was an outcome of long-run efforts and similarly amending ‘Biological Weapon Convention’ is also a long-run task. On this reference, I would like to share some insights on the real nature of NPT and convey my concern that new amended Convention should not take a similar trajectory as like NPT. NPT was signed on 1st July 1968. The then Indian leaders were very much aware of the discriminative nature of the treaty and as a result, India had decided not to be its signatory and till today she has maintained the same policy. If we view NPT and its course from lenses of 2020, the NPT has majorly functioned to restrict nuclear development for ‘Have-Not’ nations and has been used at multiple occasions against India as a tool to arm-twist India and her interests. If we neutrally view, this treaty has not realised its real objective of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon states, as enumerated in Article VI1 of the treaty. Though reports show that nuclear powers have moved towards disarmament by reducing number of warheads, but in reality in course of time they have upgraded lethality of nuclear weapons with advanced nuclear technology. The reduction of warheads, which is widely visible, is more because of obsoletion but not for disarmament and even today 1000s of decommissioned warheads are still to be dismantled. Further, they have even developed swifter and highly sophisticated delivery systems, few even with automation powered by AI. As for India – Though not signatory to NPT, has continuously adhered to the principles of non-proliferation. Unlike other nuclear powers, She has indigenously developed nuclear technology without any support from any nuclear power and never shared any technological know-how to other states to manufacture weapons of mass destruction. She is one of the only two countries in the world to adopt a policy of ‘no-first-use’, whereas none of the other nuclear powers have declared any assurance in this form. Thus, till today, even after completion of 75 years for Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bombardment and 52 years of NPT, the world has never felt secured from nuclear war threat. I am concerned that if the planned amendment in ‘Biological Weapon Convention’ follows the same trajectory then just like NPT, this Convention would also be a hollow promise without any material achievement. It would be worth observing here that the nuclear weapons are mostly beyond the range of smaller nations to procure, maintain, use and manage. But, the bio-weapons by its very nature are not so expensive, easy to develop, store, maintain, transport and use; allowing even small rogue states and faceless terror groups to own them, vouching for much higher precautions in Convention. The nature of Bioweapon is such that its attack can affect en-mass with uncontrolled contagion resulting into devastation multiple times than nuclear. Therefore, the text of amendment must set in place a neutral, transparent, equal, robust institutions for enforcement, implementation, execution and verification processes. The Convention should not have any saving clause affording prerogative and privilege to any nation and force upon all signatories the prohibitory clauses strictly and stringently. Adequate care must be taken that it does not leave open any loopholes in the name of research, and/or medicinal 1 Article VI – “Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control”. purposes etc… The very genesis of multiple Pandemics faced by humanity in the past century is in ‘wildlife contact’. And the only solution as prescribed by the ‘Save Humanity’ campaign is ‘wildlife distancing’ in all forms. Annihilating of wildlife as suggested by some to save humanity and eliminate threats of future pandemics, will never stand as a robust solution, since it will lead to a biological imbalance. It is a well-established norm that the existence of humanity is completely dependent on diverse bio-world. Hence, practising ‘wildlife distancing’ will only lead to bio-security of humanity along with bio-diversity. And to force this practice of ‘wildlife distancing’ upon entire humanity, ‘Save Humanity’ campaign has advised to amend Biological Weapon Convention to include a stringent clause for ‘wildlife distancing’. As indicated by Ms Petal in the conversation, pandemic is yet not over and currently health safety of citizens is the first priority. But, you would appreciate that correspondingly this is also the right and prime time for India to propagate the idea of global bio-security by ‘wildlife distancing’ to be enforced over every global citizen via ‘Biological Weapon Convention’. India today is considered a major player in the global political landscape with a weight to drive decision into a particular direction. Also, today’s global political temper and geographic positioning of India may act as a catalyst for India’s endeavour to propagate this idea as a precursor to amend the Convention. Further, I agree with Ms Petal that these are long-term tasks which require enormous efforts and time to fructify. I am aware that today multilateral organisations are in bad shape having undemocratic nature with uneven power distribution giving hegemonic and at times arrogant veto power to few and no voice to others. Such state of multilateralism is not conducive for above referred multilateral actions. The multilateral organisation where proportionate representation and power sharing are based on parameters of GDP, population size, geographic area etc. are ideal for any